Sandp oscillator - The stochastic oscillator is very good at identifying overbought and oversold conditions. It compares where a security's price closed relative to its trading range over x-time periods. Values range from 0 to 100. Readings over 80 signal overbought conditions (bearish), while readings below 20 are regarded as an oversold situation (bullish).

 
Jul 16, 2021 · Proponents like the stochastic oscillator because of its easy-to-remember range of zero to 100, its overbought versus oversold indications, and its ability to help signal divergences in stock price movement. According to Dr. Lane, the stochastic oscillator moves into overbought and oversold areas at readings above 80 or below 20, respectively. . Roosters coupons

Technical Analysis. A delisted stock, fund, ETF, or cryptocurrency is an instrument withdrawn from an exchange, typically due to the entity not meeting the exchange's listing requirements or because the organization has gone bankrupt. As a result, investors can no longer buy or sell shares of the delisted instrument on the exchange, and the ...The Advance / Decline Ratio shows the ratio of advancing issues to declining issues. It is calculated by dividing the number of advancing issues by the number of declining issues. A moving average of the Advance / Decline Ratio is often used as an overbought/oversold indicator. The higher the value, the more "excessive" the rally and the more ...Oct 29, 2020 · An RC Oscillator ( resistor-capacitor) is a type of feedback oscillator which is built using resistors and capacitors, along with an amplifying device such as a transistor or operational amplifier. The amplifying device feeds back into the RC network, which causes positive feedback and generates repeated oscillations. negative resistance. An amplifier element is very often used in order to sustain low- or high-frequency oscillations. The type of oscillator circuit that uses an amplifier circuit and an oscillating circuit on a feedback loop is called a “feedback oscillator”. In this chapter, we study this device in the field of low frequencies. Abstract A simple nonlinear model is proposed for the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. Its key feature is the inclusion of oceanic wave transit effects through a negative, delayed feedback. A linear stability analysis and numerical results are presented to show that the period of the oscillation is typically several times the delay. It is argued such an effect can account for ... negative resistance. An amplifier element is very often used in order to sustain low- or high-frequency oscillations. The type of oscillator circuit that uses an amplifier circuit and an oscillating circuit on a feedback loop is called a “feedback oscillator”. In this chapter, we study this device in the field of low frequencies. In classical mechanics, a harmonic oscillator is a system that, when displaced from its equilibrium position, experiences a restoring force F proportional to the displacement x : where k is a positive constant . If F is the only force acting on the system, the system is called a simple harmonic oscillator, and it undergoes simple harmonic ...Once the oscillator has reached its steady state, it is in the code manifold, and we initialize the logical qubit by replacing one of the QEC rounds with a measurement of X,Y or Z.A 900 point drop in the Dow after a massive run is the excuse in itself for panicking and gosh by golly panicking's become the American way. Even casual viewers of this old warhorse know that's ...The Oscillator is over 8%, which means the market is incredibly overbought and due for a pullback, according to Cramer. Stocks notched a significant comeback in October, though they fell on Monday.Sep 30, 2022 · Some of the best technical indicators to complement the stochastic oscillator are moving average crossovers and other momentum oscillators. Moving average crossovers can be used as a complement to ... What is the sp 500 oscillator? The S&P Short Range Oscillator is provided through the "Trendline Daily Action Stock Charts" publication. Annual subscriptions are available with issues mailed ...An RC Oscillator ( resistor-capacitor) is a type of feedback oscillator which is built using resistors and capacitors, along with an amplifying device such as a transistor or operational amplifier. The amplifying device feeds back into the RC network, which causes positive feedback and generates repeated oscillations.A positive indicator value indicates an upward movement, while negative readings signal a downward trend. Divergences form when a new high or low in price is not confirmed by the Absolute Price Oscillator (APO). A bullish divergence forms when price make a lower low, but the APO forms a higher low. This indicates less downward momentum that ...Jan 12, 2023 · “Break in! The S&P Oscillator rose to 9.46% today -from 6.46% at Wednesday's close. This is a meaningful overbought. (On December 28th the Oscillator was deeply oversold at -5.35%) I plan to sell more tomorrow. @jimcramer @tomkeene @riskreversal @guyadami @business @scottwapner” Developed by Larry Williams in 1976 and featured in Stocks & Commodities Magazine in 1985, the Ultimate Oscillator is a momentum oscillator designed to capture momentum across three different timeframes. The multiple timeframe objective seeks to avoid the pitfalls of other oscillators. Many momentum oscillators surge at the beginning of a ... Armed with this idea of normal modes, let's take another shot at the system of coupled oscillators shown in Figure 8.4.3. We have our two differential equations that include x1 x 1 and x2 x 2 in Equation 8.4.7. Now we are looking for a pair of new coordinates, q1 q 1 and q2 q 2, that express the motions of the normal modes.The classical equation of motion for a one-dimensional simple harmonic oscillator with a particle of mass m attached to a spring having spring constant k is md2x dt2 = − kx. The solution is x = x0sin(ωt + δ), ω = √k m, and the momentum p = mv has time dependence p = mx0ωcos(ωt + δ). The total energy (1 / 2m)(p2 + m2ω2x2) = E.The Ultimate Oscillator is a study that turns a stock price action related to three different time frames into a single oscillator. The three time frames represent short, intermediate and long term market cycles. The Ultimate Oscillator is calculated by finding the average position of the Close price in the True Range represented on the 0 to ...The Relative Strength Index ("RSI") is a popular oscillator. It was first introduced by Welles Wilder in an article in Commodities Magazine in June 1978. When Wilder introduced the RSI, he recommended using a 14-day RSI. Since then, the 9-day and 25-day RSIs have also gained popularity. Because you can vary the number of time periods in the RSI ...energy curve can be approximated by a simple harmonic oscillator if the energy is small compared to the height of the well meaning that oscillations have small amplitudes. Figure 8¡1: Simple Harmonic Oscillator: Figure 8¡2: Relative Potential Energy Minima: Expanding an arbitrary potential energy function in a Taylor series, where x 0 is the ... Description. The Universal Oscillator continues the series of technical indicators proposed by John Ehlers, based upon signal processing techniques. In his article, "Whiter is Brighter," Dr. Ehlers discusses that market data is akin to "pink noise" (a scientific term that refers to a type of noise where the power spectral density is stronger at ... Jan 25, 2022 · Membership Opportunities @ https://2tradersclub.com/joinCome trade with Kay and see what Kay is currently buying and holding!S&P 500 ETF (SPY) Market Analysi... The S&P Short-Range Oscillator is a market measure which takes a number of related variables of trading data inot account, tracks development according to several moving averages and results in an average numeric value which may be either positive or negative. ..a vaue of 50% si considered "par" When the Oscillator reaches a value of +4% ...The proprietary S&P Short-Range Oscillator is a number that is calculated each market day and helps professionals measure the pulse of the market. Published for decades only as part of an S&P Trendline/Daily Action Stock Charts subscription, the proprietary S&P Short-Range Oscillator is now available exclusively by special arrangement through ...7. Awesome Oscillator. Awesome Oscillator was created by a famous market trader Bill Williams. He designed the indicator for using in his Profitunity trading system. Awesome Oscillator is based on the difference of the values of two SMAs. The indicator is displayed in a separate window under the price chart.The classical equation of motion for a one-dimensional simple harmonic oscillator with a particle of mass m attached to a spring having spring constant k is md2x dt2 = − kx. The solution is x = x0sin(ωt + δ), ω = √k m, and the momentum p = mv has time dependence p = mx0ωcos(ωt + δ). The total energy (1 / 2m)(p2 + m2ω2x2) = E.The Relative Strength Index ("RSI") is a popular oscillator. It was first introduced by Welles Wilder in an article in Commodities Magazine in June 1978. When Wilder introduced the RSI, he recommended using a 14-day RSI. Since then, the 9-day and 25-day RSIs have also gained popularity. Because you can vary the number of time periods in the RSI ...S&P 500 Index ($SPX) Alerts Watch Help Go To: The Moving Average is the average price of the security or contact for the Period shown. For example, a 9-period moving average is the average of the closing prices for the past 9 periods, including the current period. For intraday data the current price is used in place of the closing price.S&P 500 Oscillator. The S&P 500 Oscillator shows if the index is overbought or oversold.Armed with this idea of normal modes, let's take another shot at the system of coupled oscillators shown in Figure 8.4.3. We have our two differential equations that include x1 x 1 and x2 x 2 in Equation 8.4.7. Now we are looking for a pair of new coordinates, q1 q 1 and q2 q 2, that express the motions of the normal modes.The 20% Trend’s formula is: EMA (today) = 0.20xPRICE (today) + 0.80xEMA (yesterday) Find the arithmetic difference between them to get the STPO. This is the same process we use for our normal Price Oscillator, except that the EMAs involved there are 10% Trend and 5% Trend. If you have a charting program, you can have it create the indicator ...A positive indicator value indicates an upward movement, while negative readings signal a downward trend. Divergences form when a new high or low in price is not confirmed by the Absolute Price Oscillator (APO). A bullish divergence forms when price make a lower low, but the APO forms a higher low. This indicates less downward momentum that ... Sep 5, 2023 · PRIOR DOW Price OSC. 37.57. Price OSC UNCH'D. 34762.10. We use WSJ/Barron's data for our final breadth numbers. Calculations made on numbers from other sources will show a slightly different result. We wait until late in the day in order to have access to the "final" numbers. This reflects final readings for the indicators covered. The McClellan Oscillator is positive when the 19-day EMA (shorter moving average) is above the 39-day (longer moving average) EMA. This signals that advances are gaining the upper hand. Conversely, the indicator is negative when the 19-day EMA is below the 39-day EMA. This signals that declining issues are dominating. The McClellan Oscillator is positive when the 19-day EMA (shorter moving average) is above the 39-day (longer moving average) EMA. This signals that advances are gaining the upper hand. Conversely, the indicator is negative when the 19-day EMA is below the 39-day EMA. This signals that declining issues are dominating. The McClellan Oscillator is positive when the 19-day EMA (shorter moving average) is above the 39-day (longer moving average) EMA. This signals that advances are gaining the upper hand. Conversely, the indicator is negative when the 19-day EMA is below the 39-day EMA. This signals that declining issues are dominating.S&P 500 Index ($SPX) Alerts Watch Help Go To: The Moving Average is the average price of the security or contact for the Period shown. For example, a 9-period moving average is the average of the closing prices for the past 9 periods, including the current period. For intraday data the current price is used in place of the closing price.The Oscillator is over 8%, which means the market is incredibly overbought and due for a pullback, according to Cramer. Stocks notched a significant comeback in October, though they fell on Monday.A positive indicator value indicates an upward movement, while negative readings signal a downward trend. Divergences form when a new high or low in price is not confirmed by the Absolute Price Oscillator (APO). A bullish divergence forms when price make a lower low, but the APO forms a higher low. This indicates less downward momentum that ... A voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) is an oscillator whose frequency can be varied by a voltage (or current). In local oscillator applications, the VCO frequency must be able to be varied over the Rx or Tx range (quickly). Frequency Tx or Rx Range Voltage tuning range Linear tuning Nonlinear tuning Fig. 12.3-4 Tuning variables ... Oscillator: An oscillator is a technical analysis tool that is banded between two extreme values and built with the results from a trend indicator for discovering short-term overbought or oversold ...energy curve can be approximated by a simple harmonic oscillator if the energy is small compared to the height of the well meaning that oscillations have small amplitudes. Figure 8¡1: Simple Harmonic Oscillator: Figure 8¡2: Relative Potential Energy Minima: Expanding an arbitrary potential energy function in a Taylor series, where x 0 is the ...For instance, a 1-day VMA that protrudes significantly above a 10-day VMA may be indicative of an abnormally high trading activity, which has the potential to lead to changes in the 's prevailing trend. One of our newest indicators is the Percentage Volume Oscillator (PVO). The PVO will assist you in evaluating the magnitude of VMA surges as ...The 20% Trend’s formula is: EMA (today) = 0.20xPRICE (today) + 0.80xEMA (yesterday) Find the arithmetic difference between them to get the STPO. This is the same process we use for our normal Price Oscillator, except that the EMAs involved there are 10% Trend and 5% Trend. If you have a charting program, you can have it create the indicator ...Free S&P Oscillator? Where can we get access to the S&P Oscillator? Preferably for free. I'm pretty sure there are hundreds of oscillators out there. Thinkorswim has at least a few to choose from. It's free but requires a TD ameritrade account. (US only i think) Same place they hand out free houses and free cars.Jun 26, 2019 · This work describes a completely soft ring oscillator, composed of an odd number of soft, pneumatic inverters. This soft ring oscillator generates multiple oscillating, temporally offset output pressures from one constant input pressure; these output pressures can, in turn, drive soft actuators and robots without the need for hard valves or ... The resulting equation is similar to the force equation for the damped harmonic oscillator, with the addition of the driving force: − k x − b d x d t + F 0 sin ( ω t) = m d 2 x d t 2. 15.27. When an oscillator is forced with a periodic driving force, the motion may seem chaotic. The motions of the oscillator is known as transients. Aug 19, 2020 · Once the oscillator has reached its steady state, it is in the code manifold, and we initialize the logical qubit by replacing one of the QEC rounds with a measurement of X,Y or Z. A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses a piezoelectric crystal as a frequency-selective element. [1] [2] [3] The oscillator frequency is often used to keep track of time, as in quartz wristwatches, to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters ...Oscillator: An oscillator is a technical analysis tool that is banded between two extreme values and built with the results from a trend indicator for discovering short-term overbought or oversold ...negative resistance. An amplifier element is very often used in order to sustain low- or high-frequency oscillations. The type of oscillator circuit that uses an amplifier circuit and an oscillating circuit on a feedback loop is called a “feedback oscillator”. In this chapter, we study this device in the field of low frequencies. Free S&P Oscillator? Where can we get access to the S&P Oscillator? Preferably for free. I'm pretty sure there are hundreds of oscillators out there. Thinkorswim has at least a few to choose from. It's free but requires a TD ameritrade account. (US only i think) Same place they hand out free houses and free cars. SPX technical analysis. This gauge displays a real-time technical analysis overview for your selected timeframe. The summary of S&P 500 Index is based on the most popular technical indicators, such as Moving Averages, Oscillators and Pivots. Learn more.Oct 29, 2020 · An RC Oscillator ( resistor-capacitor) is a type of feedback oscillator which is built using resistors and capacitors, along with an amplifying device such as a transistor or operational amplifier. The amplifying device feeds back into the RC network, which causes positive feedback and generates repeated oscillations. Jan 27, 2022 · Thursday, Jan. 27: Jim Cramer explains the S&P short range oscillator, previews Apple’s earnings. Jim and Jeff Marks of the CNBC Investing Club discuss how to identify buying and selling ... We are now very oversold on traditional S&P Oscillator. Historically bad level to sellJan 23, 2021 · The S&P Short-Range Oscillator is a market measure which takes a number of related variables of trading data inot account, tracks development according to several moving averages and results in an average numeric value which may be either positive or negative. ..a vaue of 50% si considered "par" When the Oscillator reaches a value of +4% ... Once the oscillator has reached its steady state, it is in the code manifold, and we initialize the logical qubit by replacing one of the QEC rounds with a measurement of X,Y or Z.Some of the best technical indicators to complement the stochastic oscillator are moving average crossovers and other momentum oscillators. Moving average crossovers can be used as a complement to ...The Ultimate Oscillator is a study that turns a stock price action related to three different time frames into a single oscillator. The three time frames represent short, intermediate and long term market cycles. The Ultimate Oscillator is calculated by finding the average position of the Close price in the True Range represented on the 0 to ... Thursday, Jan. 27: Jim Cramer explains the S&P short range oscillator, previews Apple’s earnings. Jim and Jeff Marks of the CNBC Investing Club discuss how to identify buying and selling ...Oct 31, 2022 · The Oscillator is over 8%, which means the market is incredibly overbought and due for a pullback, according to Cramer. Stocks notched a significant comeback in October, though they fell on Monday. Jun 26, 2019 · This work describes a completely soft ring oscillator, composed of an odd number of soft, pneumatic inverters. This soft ring oscillator generates multiple oscillating, temporally offset output pressures from one constant input pressure; these output pressures can, in turn, drive soft actuators and robots without the need for hard valves or ... A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses a piezoelectric crystal as a frequency-selective element. [1] [2] [3] The oscillator frequency is often used to keep track of time, as in quartz wristwatches, to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters ...CCI. MACD. OBV. OSC. RSI. Choose Technical Indicator to analyze. Recent Technical Indicator history for S&P 500 Index use daily Fast & Slow Stochastic Oscillator (OSC) values as of Last Close (2023-Aug-15). See additional information below on calculation, interpretation etc. Now that Standard & Poor's proprietary oscillator is at minus seven, the market looks like it's poised for a pullback, Jim Cramer said on TheStreet.com TV's Wall St. Confidential Web video Friday ...Sep 12, 2019 · Cramer says the oscillator is the single best indicator of whether the market’s overbought or oversold, meaning it tells investors they’ve gone too far too fast in one direction. He said the ... The S&P Short-Range Oscillator, usually called the S&P Oscillator, is a market measure which takes a number of related variables of trading data into account, tracks development according to several moving averages, and results in an average numerical value which may be either positive or negative. Description. The Universal Oscillator continues the series of technical indicators proposed by John Ehlers, based upon signal processing techniques. In his article, "Whiter is Brighter," Dr. Ehlers discusses that market data is akin to "pink noise" (a scientific term that refers to a type of noise where the power spectral density is stronger at ...The 20% Trend’s formula is: EMA (today) = 0.20xPRICE (today) + 0.80xEMA (yesterday) Find the arithmetic difference between them to get the STPO. This is the same process we use for our normal Price Oscillator, except that the EMAs involved there are 10% Trend and 5% Trend. If you have a charting program, you can have it create the indicator ...Armed with this idea of normal modes, let's take another shot at the system of coupled oscillators shown in Figure 8.4.3. We have our two differential equations that include x1 x 1 and x2 x 2 in Equation 8.4.7. Now we are looking for a pair of new coordinates, q1 q 1 and q2 q 2, that express the motions of the normal modes.May 29, 2022 · Ultimate Oscillator: A technical indicator invented by Larry Williams that uses the weighted average of three different time periods to reduce the volatility and false transaction signals that are ... Membership Opportunities @ https://2tradersclub.com/joinCome trade with Kay and see what Kay is currently buying and holding!S&P 500 ETF (SPY) Market Analysi...Oct 29, 2020 · An RC Oscillator ( resistor-capacitor) is a type of feedback oscillator which is built using resistors and capacitors, along with an amplifying device such as a transistor or operational amplifier. The amplifying device feeds back into the RC network, which causes positive feedback and generates repeated oscillations. S&P 500 Oscillator. The S&P 500 Oscillator shows if the index is overbought or oversold. Figure 4: MACD Contrarian Divergence Market Entries. The best way to use the MACD to find a market entry opportunity is to be a contrarian. It means looking for long opportunities when the MACD signal line is way below the 0 level and produces a buy signal. By contrast, you should look for a sell signal when the MACD signal line is trading far ...energy curve can be approximated by a simple harmonic oscillator if the energy is small compared to the height of the well meaning that oscillations have small amplitudes. Figure 8¡1: Simple Harmonic Oscillator: Figure 8¡2: Relative Potential Energy Minima: Expanding an arbitrary potential energy function in a Taylor series, where x 0 is the ... Technical Analysis. A delisted stock, fund, ETF, or cryptocurrency is an instrument withdrawn from an exchange, typically due to the entity not meeting the exchange's listing requirements or because the organization has gone bankrupt. As a result, investors can no longer buy or sell shares of the delisted instrument on the exchange, and the ...This work describes a completely soft ring oscillator, composed of an odd number of soft, pneumatic inverters. This soft ring oscillator generates multiple oscillating, temporally offset output pressures from one constant input pressure; these output pressures can, in turn, drive soft actuators and robots without the need for hard valves or ...Jun 3, 2019 · Yes, if you consider one of the most important indicators out there, the S&P's proprietary oscillator the one that analyzes too much buying or too much selling. Right now we have too much selling ...

energy curve can be approximated by a simple harmonic oscillator if the energy is small compared to the height of the well meaning that oscillations have small amplitudes. Figure 8¡1: Simple Harmonic Oscillator: Figure 8¡2: Relative Potential Energy Minima: Expanding an arbitrary potential energy function in a Taylor series, where x 0 is the .... Sapphire vintage engagement rings 1920s

sandp oscillator

An electronic oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a periodic, oscillating or alternating current (AC) signal, usually a sine wave, square wave or a triangle wave, [1] [2] [3] powered by a direct current (DC) source. Oscillators are found in many electronic devices, such as radio receivers, television sets, radio and television ...The S&P Short-Range Oscillator is a market measure which takes a number of related variables of trading data inot account, tracks development according to several moving averages and results in an average numeric value which may be either positive or negative. ..a vaue of 50% si considered "par" When the Oscillator reaches a value of +4% ...Like a dog panting in the heat, the oscillator uses very rapid respiratory rates with a small tidal volume, often less than dead space. It uses an active exhalation and inspiration phase, which diffuses gas down to the alveoli. In the simplest terms, the oscillator is also referred to as “CPAP with a wiggle.”.A brief summary for the S&P 500 - a detailed technical analysis using moving averages, common chart indicators and pivot point levels. All technical studies are available in different time frames.7. Awesome Oscillator. Awesome Oscillator was created by a famous market trader Bill Williams. He designed the indicator for using in his Profitunity trading system. Awesome Oscillator is based on the difference of the values of two SMAs. The indicator is displayed in a separate window under the price chart.(MACD Oscillator is calculated against the 3-Day Moving Average) The Relative Strength Index (RSI) is one of the most popular overbought/oversold (OB/OS) indicators. The RSI is basically an internal strength index which is adjusted on a daily basis by the amount by which the market rose or fell. Microchip offers clock and timing solutions including MEMS and crystal oscillators, TCXO, EMI oscillators, single-ended and differential oscillators.We're selling 75 shares of Honeywell (HON) at roughly $204.90, 150 shares of Marvell Technology (MRVL) at roughly $41, and 50 shares of Nvidia (NVDA) at roughly $137.49.The S&P Short-Range Oscillator is a market measure which takes a number of related variables of trading data inot account, tracks development according to several moving averages and results in an average numeric value which may be either positive or negative. ..a vaue of 50% si considered "par" When the Oscillator reaches a value of +4% ...As consideration for the license granted by S&P, you agree to pay fees as set forth. Your card will be charged by Computrade Systems, Inc (MarketEdge). Product: S&P Short Range Oscillator Fee: $500/year By subscribing to the Product you agree and represent that you shall pay the fees, and that you shall use the Product solely for internal ... Stochastic oscillator definition. The stochastic oscillator (stochastic indicator) is a popular technical analysis tool that indicates momentum by comparing a particular security’s closing price to a range of prices over a specific time period. Its sensitivity to market movements is reducible by adjusting that time period or taking a moving ...Jun 26, 2019 · This work describes a completely soft ring oscillator, composed of an odd number of soft, pneumatic inverters. This soft ring oscillator generates multiple oscillating, temporally offset output pressures from one constant input pressure; these output pressures can, in turn, drive soft actuators and robots without the need for hard valves or ... The McClellan Oscillator (MO) is a market breadth indicator that is based on the smoothed difference between the number of advancing and declining issues. It generally reflects money coming into the market when positive and it portrays money leaving the market when negative.Jan 25, 2022 · Membership Opportunities @ https://2tradersclub.com/joinCome trade with Kay and see what Kay is currently buying and holding!S&P 500 ETF (SPY) Market Analysi... The Relative Strength Index ("RSI") is a popular oscillator. It was first introduced by Welles Wilder in an article in Commodities Magazine in June 1978. When Wilder introduced the RSI, he recommended using a 14-day RSI. Since then, the 9-day and 25-day RSIs have also gained popularity. Because you can vary the number of time periods in the RSI ...We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.A 900 point drop in the Dow after a massive run is the excuse in itself for panicking and gosh by golly panicking's become the American way. Even casual viewers of this old warhorse know that's ...May 18, 2023 · The S&P 500 Short Range Oscillator informs us as to whether we should raise or deploy cash, but it isn't a guide for how to manage individual holdings. Technical Analysis. A delisted stock, fund, ETF, or cryptocurrency is an instrument withdrawn from an exchange, typically due to the entity not meeting the exchange's listing requirements or because the organization has gone bankrupt. As a result, investors can no longer buy or sell shares of the delisted instrument on the exchange, and the ....

Popular Topics